Latin Western European Business Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Latin Western European Business Culture - Essay Example Collectivism, the propensity of people to stay within a long-term group, is also rated high. The Masculinity rating corresponds to emphasis laid on the traditional viewpoint of men's and women's roles, while Uncertainty avoidance rating indicates that rules and long-term employment within the same structure are preferred. Finally, the long term / short-term rating is in favour of longer term attitudes, based on perseverance and relationships ordered by status. These cultural dimensions give a basis from which to assess certain aspects of Latin Western European Business Culture. However it is not the complete picture. In the areas of business communication, particularly in face-to-face communication and business negotiations, it is also of interest to compare the concepts advanced by Hall (Hall) and in particular that of the high context and low context cultures. According to Hall, in a high context business culture, the information transmitted in a communication is minimised because implicitly much of the information required is already present in the setting. Low context cultures are the reverse: the communication contains far more information because this information is not present in the setting. According to this model, Latin culture is high-context. Besides the situations already mentioned, this model also finds particular application in the advertising and promotional activities that most businesses engage in. This kind of communica tion remains somewhat basic and even terse in Latin countries as compared to the other Western European groups (Anglo, Germanic and Nordic). Hall also elaborated a second theory of how different cultures structure their time, which he refers to as polychronic or monochronic time orientation. A top-level approach for Latin countries puts them into the polychronic category. The immediate implications are of the priority of interpersonal relations over schedule and appointments, the simultaneity of tasks and the mixing of work time and personal time. Like the other theories alluded to above, this generates different results when we consider the four countries on an individual basis. Because the creation of the European Community has encouraged the individual member countries to trade more among themselves and, by extension, with the rest of the world, it is interesting to note how the Latin Western European countries and their businesses fare in a cross-cultural context. In particular, a different principle is applied here, that of the Self Referencing Criteria or SRC defined by Lee (Lee). In essence, this describes the cultural trap of assuming that other countries use the same cultural values as one's own. It is the failure to perceive things from the standpoint of a person of a different culture. The Latin countries that we are dealing with here display marked differences in this regard. The first country to be examined using these tools of cultural investigation is France. It is a country which at the same time is Mediterranean and Latin, but which also exhibits a number of non-Latin characteristics, in keeping with its proximity to, or common borders with, a number of (mainly) Germanic countries such as Germany, Belgium and Switzerland. Of the five cultural dimensions, French business culture can be classified as follows. Power-distance is relatively high with top

Total Quality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Total Quality Management - Essay Example Total quality management has changed the traditional management style forever. It was a very radical movement those days. Some of these changes are radical even today. Few of these changes are discussed below. The traditional way of management focused on internal activities. Quality had a meaning which was totally internally defined. Products or services provided by the organization were assumed to be good in quality if this organization has done its best in producing that product or service. But in total quality management, the focus is the customer. So that ultimate decider of the quality is the customer. Fitting to the customer requirement was the least requirement while delighting them is the ultimate goal. Traditionally people thought bad quality products are due to the workers who do not perform their job correctly. One of the major differences between total quality management and traditional management style is the assignment of the responsibility of the quality to the management. Especially responsibility of the quality goes into the middle-level management at the operational level. Total quality management is an organization-wide movement. All the organization has to be in unity to apply TQM principles. Total quality management, unlike traditional management, calls for a high amount of team working. ... Quality is inbuilt to the system so that products are assured to be in good quality. Some decision like narrowing down the supplier base is total quality management concepts used for this purpose, which is revolutionary still today.   Unlike in traditional management style, total quality management makes decisions on facts and figures. Therefore problems are identified correctly. Therefore solutions are well planned. TQM depends on cyclic thinking. Also, it is continuous. Therefore improvements are small, stable and continuous in nature. This is also known as Kaizen. These events are used in teambuilding, brainstorming, and decision making.  Ã‚  

Strategy Management For European Tour Operators Tourism Essay

Strategy Management For European Tour Operators Tourism Essay The tourism industry of Europe is dynamic and the growth in this sector is accelerating at a fast pace. In recent times, the tourism industry has gained huge amount of momentum as it is greatly influenced by the changing dynamics of the society; it has become a networked society in which everyone is linked together by various technological mediums (Tourismlink, 2012). With the rise of the industrial society, the concept of tourism has changed into a mass leisure activity. The globalisation and post modernisation are the two crucial factors that have generated a fragmented, assorted and individualised field of tourism demand and supply. In Europe, the tourism industry is undergoing consolidation in which the number of players is decreasing as a result of both mergers and acquisitions (ECORYS, 2009). The primary factors that have supported the forming of an integrated and strengthened tour operator are increased globalisation, new and cheaper modes of transportation and severe usage of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). As the tourism industry is becoming competitive on international level, it has become vital for the tour operators to take account of the factors that can impact their business operations. PESTEL Analysis of Tourism Industry In order to assess the external environment faced by the tour operators in Europe, PESTEL analysis is an effective tool for ensuring that crucial aspects are appropriately handled. This analysis allows the players to remain alert about the external environment characteristics that can impact their business strategies and ultimately operations. The PESTEL analysis of tourism industry for European tour operators is as follows: Political Since the 9/11 event, the airline industry had to bear high costs as the government has refused to tolerate the security cost. As the costs cannot be tolerated by the airline companies, they have transferred the complete cost to the consumers. The immigration laws have been made strict so that the corrupt elements cannot gain entrance in the country (Butler, 2011). There are many countries that are willing to join the European Union (EU) which can impact the political environment significantly. Euro is a strong currency worldwide that allows easy conversion of the currency. Similarly, the parliament of EU has asked the airlines to pay taxes on the aviation fuel so that they can support the EU carbon emission trading scheme (Furmanov, Balaeva Predvoditeleva, 2011). Economics The tourism industry is affected by the recession. Most of the airline companies are relaying on very low margin of profit and both big and small players are being affected by such depressing situations worldwide. Once the recession will get over, only then the bigger players will be able to exploit the opportunities and even gain new opportunities (Richards, 2011). The recession has impacted the exchange rate as there is a lot of fluctuations in it. It has been reported by Richards (2011) that Euro is still depreciating and the euro rate has been reported to depreciate by 20% of the dollar. Socio-cultural The living standards of people are improving and life expectancy rate is also extending at a fast pace which shows that older people will travel more to have a good time. It is expected that the percentage of aging population that will travel in Europe will be about 60%. The travel patterns of people are changing as they want a diverse range of options in selecting the travelling destinations; the consumers are expecting a wide variety of choices as they want to travel different places and make their travelling plans on their own (ECORYS, 2009). It is also projected that the number of short holidays will grow by about 47% in EU and European tourists have modified their behaviours as they prefer to travel abroad rather than domestic places. Technological As a result of technological advances, the work of tour operators has become automated. Most of the people are using Internet to make online reservations and avail the services of online travel agencies. Almost all the tour operators are making use of both traditional and online platforms for reaching customers and it has helped them in curtailing down the cost of these operators (Furmanov, Balaeva Predvoditeleva, 2011). Environmental Since people have become too much environmentally concerned, the UK government stopped the plan for a third runway at Heathrow as a result of increase in pollution. The government has even imposed the green tax for offsetting the carbon emissions effect. Some health factors like SARS and Swine flu impacted the travellers destination choice (Tourismlink, 2011). Legal In order to keep a strict control on the tour operators, the government has imposed stricter rules and regulations. The competition policy of EU keeps an eye on the companies to ensure that they dont club together to give unfavourable packages to the customers (Richards, 2011). Porters Five Forces Model According to Tourismlink (2011), the analysis of the EU tourism industry according to the Porters Five Forces Model reveals the following aspects: Threat of new entrants The new entrants cannot easily enter the tourism industry as there is high cost associated with initial investment cost as it requires huge amount of capital. The existing companies have strong brand loyalty so the customers will not easily switch to any other company. Competition among rivals Within the market, there is very less intense competition as there are only limited big players. Although there are various indirect competitors in the industry but the top players in EU are still Thomas Cook and TUI Travel PLC. Bargaining power of suppliers In the case of tourism industry, the bargaining power of suppliers is moderate as there are various options airlines, hotels and travel agents. Since the customers are willing to do online booking, the airlines and hotels are reaching them by their own online platforms. Bargaining power of buyers The bargaining power of buyers is low as there is very less difference between the products that are offered by the travel agencies. As the customers are able to make online booking, even it will not impact their bargaining power. Threat of substitutes It is a known fact that people will never leave their leisure activities especially the travelling option as it provides them the chance of going away from home. Other alternatives are available for people such as in-home activities, domestic trips to town, playing video games but they can never replace the travelling option. It means that there will be low threat of substitutes. Industry Life Cycle The concept of Tourism Area Life Cycle was coined by Butler (2011) who stated that the tour operators have to analyse the industry to ensure that they introduce the new products and services in accordance to the demands of the customers. The factors that are considered by the players are the prices offered to the customers, packages designing according to the destination places, changing demands of the customers, tourist attractions to be presented to visitors and availability of various facilities. Currently, EUs tourism industry is in the consolidation stage as there are only few competitors and people are spending limited amount of money on foreign travels. Source: Butler (2011) Conclusion The effect of recession is slowly wearing off and EU tourism industry is expected to grow further by offering various attractive packages to the customers. hence, the tour operators have to ensure that they present the best travel packages to the customers that will allow them to reap the opportunity of having a marvellous travelling experience in the region.

How To Become A Less Aggressive Driver Essay -- essays research papers

Statistics has shown that road rages has been increased over the years. Where do you usually feel the most impatient and angry? If you are like the most of people, driving in traffic is probably high on your list. No matter what you do it remains the same. Looking at most major highways these days, you probably would think you were on a racetrack instead of a roadway. For being that, there are three excellent reasons for becoming a less aggressive driver. First, driving aggressively is not healthy for you. Second, you ended up saving your life and getting the place you want to go safely. Third, when you are aggressive, you put yourself, passenger and everyone around you in extreme danger. When you are an aggressive driver, your blood pressure goes up, your grip on the wheel tightens, your eyes are strained, and your thoughts are spinning out of control. You would feel a lot worst than before you get into the car. But when you make the right decision to become a less aggressive driver, you start using your time in the car to relax. Driving is not like on the racetrack, plus you don’t own the road either. On the other hand try to see your driving not only as a way of getting somewhere, but as a chance to breathe and to reflect. Rather than tensing your muscles, see if you can relax them instead. I even have a few records that are specifically suited toward muscular relaxation. Sometimes I pop one and listen. By the time I reach my destination I feel more relaxed than I did b...

Rizal Retraction & Josephine Bracken and Rizal’s Marriage

Rizal was excommunicated by the Catholic Church when he joined the Masonry. Influenced by Miguel Morayta, a history professor at the Universidad de Madrid, Rizal joined Masonry, under the Gran Oriente de Espanol, adopting the Masonic name, Dimasalang. He was automatically excommunicated, expelled from the Catholic Church, a fate decreed for all Catholics becoming Masons since 1738 and reaffirmed by the CBCP in 1990. Some argued that Dr. Rizal wrote those anti-catholic passages on his letters, poems and novels during the times when he was still excommunicated from his Catholic faith.So, he was really an enemy of the Catholic Church of that time. But prior to his execution by firing squad, he wrote a retraction letter which in turn rejects all the things he wrote about the Roman Catholic Church. Catholic legend has it that as if fearing for his salvation, Rizal regained his faith on his last night thus leading to his retraction saying â€Å" I declare myself a Catholic; I wish to live and die as a Catholic; I retract with all my heart all that I have said, written and done against the Church and our Lord Jesus Christ. †Josephine BRACKEN Being a mason, Rizal and Josephine could not get married. Josephine and Rizal reunited for the last time at the latter’s cell in Fort Santiago on December 30, 1896. The couple were married in Catholic rites by Fr. Victor Balaguer two hours before Rizal’s execution at Bagumbayan. After his execution Josephine, accompanied by Paciano and Trinidad Rizal entered rebel territory in Cavite. They were received by Andres Bonifacio who received from the Rizals a copy of the hero’s last poem which would be known as the Mi Ultimo Adios.

Commentary for Soldier’s Heart

Commentary for â€Å"Soldier’s Heart† Author, Gary Paulsen The book Soldier’s Heart, is based on a true story about a fifteen-year-old boy in Minnesota named, Charley Goddard, who lies about his age to join the First Volunteers of Minnesota to fight in the Civil War. Some of the events and time sequences are not completely factual, but the essential elements of the books story are true. Charley Goddard is a fifteen-year-old boy growing up in the farming community of Winona, Minnesota, in 1861, just prior to what will become the Civil War. The whole are is talking about what they think will be a â€Å"shooting war. The atmosphere at the town meetings discussing the possibility is festive, with flags, and drums, and patriotic speeches. As a volunteer army is beginning to form, Charley decides he wants to be a part of it. Everyone assumes that it will be an easy, victorious battle, most likely over in a month or two, if it happens at all. Charley lies about his age and joins the volunteers in what he thinks will be a fun experience that will make him a man. The pay is eleven dollars a month, much more than he makes working on the farm. Charley trains and learns to be a soldier. Upon leaving the camp, the mean are treated as heroes even before they leave town, accompanied by much cheering and flag waving. Charley feels great, and spirits are high. However, not long after, he finds himself in his first battle. The Union soldiers lose badly. He is caught in the middle of violent suffering and death, and he cannot believe what is happening so suddenly all around him. When the battle is over, hundreds of his comrades had been killed, and Charley and the other survivors are stunned. It is eventually named the Battle of Bull Run. A camp is created near Washington and eventually reaches ninety thousand men. Charley becomes part of the day to day routine of the camp. He and others forage the farms in the area for food and eventually build log houses to live in during the approaching winter. However, many men get diseases such as dysentery and die in the camp. During the time here, Charley participates in one nearby battle against the Rebel Soldiers. The Union wins, but not without losing many men. One of them is a man whom Charley befriended only hours before. His name is Nelson, and he is shot in the stomach. Nelson knows the surgeons do not have the skills or time to mend his wound and that he will be left to die. As a result, he kills himself on the battlefield as the other soldiers leave for the return march to the camp. Charley takes part in a battle near Richmond, Virginia where the Confederate Army uses its mounted calvary to charge Charley and the Union soldiers. Nearly one hundred men on horseback charge six hundred foot soldiers. Charley and the others are told to shoot the horses in our to defeat the cavalry, and they do so, killing every horse and man. Next, Charley participates in the Battle of Gettysburg, the final battle of the war. Here he has the protection of rocks, and logs, and a large force of artillery behind him. Most of the charging Rebel soldiers are killed in the lines as they attack, but some eventually get close. Charley participates in a hand to hand battle with bayonets. He is finally wounded, and after being patched up as well as possible, he is sent home to Minnesota. Charley is a broken man in Winona, Minnesota. He can barely walk with a cane. He constantly passes blood, and his mental health has been affected severely. He contemplates suicide but he decides to hold on to his dreams of the war a while longer. He later dies of complications of the war wounds at the age of 21.

Cooperative Learning Tips and Techniques

Cooperative Learning Tips and Techniques Cooperative learning is a teaching strategy classroom teachers use to help their students process information more quickly by having them work in small groups to accomplish a common goal. Each member that is in the group is responsible for learning the information given, and also for helping their fellow group members learn the information as well. How Does It Work? In order for Cooperative learning groups to be successful, the teacher and students must all play their part. The teachers role is to play the part as facilitator and observer, while the students must work together to complete the task. Use the following guidelines to achieve Cooperative learning success: Arrange students heterogeneously in groups as few as two and no more than six.Assign each member of the group a specific role: recorder, observer, bookkeeper, researcher, timekeeper, etc.Monitor each groups progress and teach skills necessary for task completion.Evaluate each group based upon how well they worked together and completed the task. Classroom Management Tips Noise Control: Use the talking chips strategy to control noise. Whenever a student needs to speak in the group they must place their chip in the middle of the table.Getting Students Attention: Have a signal to get students attention. For example, clap two times, raise your hand, ring a bell, etc.Answering Questions: Create a policy where if a group member has a question they must ask the group first before asking the teacher.Use a Timer: Give students a predetermined time for completing the task. Use a timer or stopwatch.Model Instruction: Before handing out the assignment model the instruction of the task and make sure every student understands what is expected. Common Techniques Here are six common cooperative learning techniques to try in your classroom. Jig-Saw: Students are grouped into five or six and each group member is assigned a specific task then must come back to their group and teach them what they learned.Think-Pair-Share: Each member in a group thinks about a question they have from what they just learned, then they pair-up with a member in the group to discuss their responses. Finally they share what they learned with the rest of the class or group.Round Robin: Students are placed into a group of four to six people. Then one person is assigned to be the recorder of the group. Next, the group is assigned a question that has multiple answers to it. Each student goes around the table and answers the question while the recorder writes down their answers.Numbered Heads: Each group member is given a number (1, 2, 3, 4, etc). The teacher then asks the class a question and each group must come together to find an answer. After the time is up the teacher calls a number and only the student with that number may answer the question .   Team-Pair-Solo: Students work together in a group to solve a problem. Next they work with a partner to solve a problem, and finally, they work by themselves to solve a problem. This strategy uses the theory that students can solve more problems with help then they can alone. Students then progress to the point that they can solve the problem on their own only after first being in a team and then paired with a partner.Three-Step Review: The teacher predetermines groups before a lesson. Then, as the lesson progresses, the teacher stops and gives groups three minutes to review what was taught and ask each other any questions they may have.

Tips on how to be outgoing and social

Tips on how to be outgoing and social How to become more outgoing and social student Some students face some difficulties with socializing while entering the university. It can be not easy to make new friends and reveal yourself. However, there are many useful tips which can help you become more outgoing and social student. You should just practice a lot, become more confident, and present yourself to your student community. Make the eye contact It is very important to make eye contact with the people around you while being in different social situations. Eye contact establishes the connection between people. You look can be understood as invitation. Establish eye contact and give a friendly smile. It is just perfect if the person responds, but otherwise don`t force interaction on somebody who isn`t interested in you. Being outgoing means to know where and when you should approach other people. Don`t be shy to introduce yourself Of course, it is not an easy task to introduce yourself when you are somewhere on a social meeting. You can find many people who may feel the same as you. Be the first to say â€Å"hello†. Be friendly and outgoing, but not pushy. Leave the person, if he or she is disinterested. Search for a common interest Find out which things you have in common with the person you have just got acquainted with. Talk about your mutual friends, work, interests, and hobbies. Such themes should open up further topics for your conversation. Be careful and try to avoid judgmental and offensive comments. Go on working on your existing friendships Improve your relations with people you know for a very long time. Become more connected and try to gain new experiences together. You can easily introduce each other to new people and expand the circle of acquaintances. Remember that being outgoing is a skill It can take some time to learn the skill of being outgoing. Just set a goal and work persistently on yourself. Decide what exactly challenges you. Don`t be afraid to ask some outgoing people about how they managed to achieve such success in overcoming their social phobia. Change yourself for you Don`t start your inner changes only because somebody told you to do that. It should be your own initiative. You should remember that being shy and being an introvert is quite normal. In any case you have to be yourself and behave naturally. However, if your shyness bothers you, try to do something to feel yourself more comfortable. Practice your smile A real smile produces feeling of happiness, lowers stress, and brings positive emotions and joy. If your smiling is natural, the muscles around your eyes and mouth are activated. So, practice your smiling in front of the mirror. Dress for success The way you look can help you be more outgoing and confident. Dressing expresses your personality and your feeling about yourself. If you are nervous about going somewhere just wear those things that make you feel attractive and powerful. You can easily make some compliments to the person who is wearing something you really like. Join a club and master a hobby It is a good idea to join a club and interact with people who share the same interest with you. Clubs are great for shy people as they encourage socializing and make them share their experiences. Moreover, your hobby can help you become more outgoing, confident, and proud. You can always share your interests with your new acquaintances. Try talking to new people Talk to anyone and everyone. Of course, it can be quite uncomfortable to talk with strangers, but the more you try, the easier your interaction with people will be. Be an active listener It is very important to show the person that you are engaged in the conversation. Focus on the topic, look at the person, nod, repeat central ideas, use brief expressions, don`t interrupt, and don`t plan your response.

A Fair Lady

A polite woman suitable for Pygmalion is considering this possibility. It is a romantic comedy with no nudity, sex, kissing. In fact, there is no declaration of love. The closest female character to acknowledge her feeling is that she can dance with men all night; his closest thing is that he is accustomed to her face. Whether such a project can raise Matt in today's climate. Sure it is not - there is no studio that can lighten the movie brightly. Also there is no guarantee to add elements and add interest. Once upon a time, in a distant land, a fair woman planned to make an academic debate: her fair women colleagues published her future work of a fair female writer of the 18th century published by the University of Cambridge Press I talked about. A fair women colleague has been working on this version for the first time in six years, the first scholarly version of a female female writer's work. The movie My Lady Lady, which was produced for the 1956 stage and filmed in 1964, was bas ed on the play Pygmalion written by Irish writer George Bernard Shaw in 1913. My Lady Lady and Pygmalion shared a basic story that a poor flower girl Eliza Doolittle turned into a lady in the hands of a speech professor Henry Higgins, but they shared genre, tone, character shaping , Ending was different. . Xiao 's Pygmalion talks about the myth of Ovid. There, men fall in love with female statues. The goddess of love expresses compassion for this man and makes the statue vivid. My Lady Lady turns a wonderful weight drama into a relaxing, fun musical comedy. This genre change has lost some of the complex social analysis done in Pygmalion. For example, the portrait of Eliza's father, the show, was reduced to a comedy of my fair woman by solving the conflict reality in social injustice. My Fair Lady (1964) is a change in music due to the transformation of Eliza Doolittle from a flower girl to a good lady. My fair lady became a very successful movie. In 1964 he won twelve Oscar nominati ons and received eight Academy Awards. This is a comedy, but this movie has romance and broken heart. There are romantic songs such as I can dance all night and humorous songs such as I am just a normal man In the opening scene of my fair lady, Professor Henry Higgens Harrison) served as the leading role. Professor of phonologist Eliza Doolittle (Audrey Hepburn) is a low grade flower girl, a Colonel Pilking Indian dialect student. They are in the garden of the monastery. Professor Higgins asked Eliza of the flower girl to talk and start taking notes. Eliza felt this was dubious, she thought that she was in trouble. She opposed and told me he did not do anything bad, but the professor continued the notes.

E.G'S Refutation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

E.G'S Refutation - Essay Example this. In order to prove our position, we will be examining both sides of the story, as well as comparing his opinion with others in order to be able to better understand his position. By using the available research and literature that is available, in this paper will be able to be proved is the matter of how Gettier's opinion does have reason. This is what will be dissertated in the following. There are actually many different points that can be used in order to prove Gettier's opinion as being intelligent and basically correct, and several of these in particular will be used here. Edmond Gettier is an American philosopher and Professor Emeritus at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, and he is most noted for that of his refutation of the principle of deduction for justification, which was most aptly described in an article which he wrote. In this article, Gettier was incredibly outright in his position, and he challenges the justified true belief definition of knowledge, and this definition of knowledge dates as far back as Plato's Theaetetus. One of the biggest disputes in regards to Gettier's refutation is the fact that it 'had already been done', in particular by the work of Wittgenstein; at first his account was widely accepted, by most philosophers in fact, however it was the actual validity of his article that was put into question. His criticism of the Just ified True Belief model is definitely systematic, and in his article he provides several incredibly significant and influential examples of beliefs, of which are both true and justified. However, although they are - and for the most part always have been - considered as being true and justified, it has yet been considered that we should not classify this as being actual knowledge. There are certain opinions that have been made in regards to Gettier's work, and this includes the fact that Gettier's use of 'justification' is too broad, for example, and that he should not use it overly, as it is considered that only some kinds of justification count; some believe that his examples do not count as justification at all; as well, Robert Nozick, who was an American philosopher and professor, suggested in this regards that knowledge absolutely must consist of only justified true belief that is held in such a way that if, say, it turned out to be false, would not have been held. In order to prove the fact that Gettier's work and refutation was actually worthwhile and influencing, we must include the opinion of someone whose views went against his, such as Kwame Anthony Appiah. In Appiah's most noted book, Thinking it Through: An Introduction to Contemporary Philosophy, he offers an incredibly thorough introduction to contemporary philosophy, and as well he answers some of the most crucial questions in regards to human existence overall. Appiah, a Princeton philosophy professor, overtly attempts to

Communion by Extension Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Communion by Extension - Essay Example Communion by Extension is an extension or expansion of the rite of Holy Communion in areas and at times wherein priests are not available for whatever reason. Holy Communion or Holy Mass is a weekly ceremony in church where the liturgy of the Word and the liturgy of the Eucharist are observed culminating in the consecration of the bread and wine for the communion of the faithful. Three churches in Great Britain have introduced this service – the Roman Catholic Church, the Methodist Church and the Church of England – amidst considerable controvery, according to Tovey (2009 p 1). It is the objective of this paper to examine this practice for its theological, liturgical and other considerations or implications with the end in view of adding enrichment and expanded understanding of the rite in the midst of the ongoing animated discussions on the subject. It is also hoped that the analysis may aid in providing guidance to non-ordained ministers who may be positioned to officiate in such a rite of the need to take extreme care in the officiating in the face of such unresolved milieu. What Is Communion by Extension? ... This practice of extended communion was officially allowed under the Guidelines approved by the House of Bishops in October 2000. Under the guidelines, communion by extension may be done only by explicit permission from the Bishop, emphasising the rite’s exceptional nature. Even when a parish has already secured a written authority to use the Commission by Extension service, the Sunday Holy Communion which is the main regular service must continue as a regular ceremony. The extension service may be led only by a person specifically authorised by the Bishop, and this person must ensure that proper care and dignity must be given to every detail of the ceremony so that it does not lose its solemnity and essence. Such a permission is always considered provisional and presumes that the service is not in itself a celebration of Holy Communion but enables the worshipping community to participate â€Å"by extension.† It is also presumed that the rules for its conduct shall stri ctly follow the Guidelines in form and substance. The act of allowing the faithful to receive communion without being part of the consecration in a Communion by Extension assumes that the gathering of the people is not a substitute for the Sunday service, which is mandated as a regular service, and is allowed only because a priest is not available to preside over a eucharistic celebration. Under this assumption, the receiving of the reserved sacrament is identified as part of the earlier Eucharistic rite and is therefore symbolically identified and linked to the universal church (Taylor, 2009 p 164). This Communion by Extension has been approved in the Anglican Church under heavy questioning over such authority granted to the laity. Some Theological Considerations A non-ordained person

INFLATION TARGETING AS A STRATEGY FOR THE CONDUCT OF MONETARY POLICY Research Paper

INFLATION TARGETING AS A STRATEGY FOR THE CONDUCT OF MONETARY POLICY (IN CANADA) - Research Paper Example Monetary policy is one of public intervention measure around at influencing the level and pattern of economic activity so as to achieve certain desired goals. The task of keeping the rate of inflation low is given to authority bodies such as the central bank. Monetary policy covers all the action of the bank of Canada and the government which influence the quantity, the cost and availability of money credit in the economy through open market operations and setting of banking reserve requirements. 2. DIFFERENT STRATEGIES TO CONDUCT MONETARY POLICY I. Attainment of full employment Full employment simply refers to involuntary unemployment. Monetary policy can raise the level of employment by encouraging credit availability to labor intensive section like rural agriculture and other small scale factories. Policies that lower the interest rates constitute expansionary monetary and is likely to lead to an increase in investment hence more employment opportunities. II. Price stability Econo mics sometime suffer from inflation and deflation; both have their effects either positively or negatively. Monetary policy helps in controlling inflation pressure. Price stability can be maintained by regulating money through tools of credit control like discount rate and minimum reserve requirement ratio. It helps in maintaining equilibrium in income and wealth inequalities. III. Economic growth expansion Money policies are put in place to ensure that more money is injected in circulation to finance developments of projects, which may in turn cause a price increase. Monetary also controls real interest rates and its effect are clearly reflected in investment. If the central government goes for an affordable and available credit policy by cutting down on the interest rates, the investment level of the economy is encouraged (Ben and Woodford 94). Increase in investment simply means higher economic developments. IV. Balance of payments equilibrium The balance of payments has two aspe cts, that of surplus and that of deficit. The latter reflects stringency of money and the former an excess of money. If the monetary policy succeeds in maintaining monetary equilibrium than the balance of payments, equilibrium can be achieved. V. Exchange rate stability This refers to the value of home currency expressed in terms of any foreign currency. If the exchange rate is volatile, causing rapid changes frequently, the international society might lose confidence in the economy. The monetary policy hopes to achieve and maintain relative stability in the exchange rate. The central bank tries to influence the demand for foreign exchange and also maintaining its stability. VI. Equal income distribution Fiscal policy was s used to maintain economic equality according to some economist. In recent years, it is believed that the monetary policy can also play a role in attaining that equality. It can make unique provisions for the neglect availability like small scale factories, agricu lture and many more by providing for them cheaper credits for longer terms, thus assisting in reducing economic inequalities. Inflation is the increase in general level of prices of commodities in an economy over time. When prices rise, a buyer of goods and services is forced to pay more money for lesser goods and services. This simply means that inflation erodes the purchasing power of money. Inflation rates are used to measure the price of inflation. Economists argue that inflation is generally caused by a growth of the money

National Curriculum In Schools In England Essay

National Curriculum In Schools In England - Essay Example A national curriculum is therefore the set of courses that a government sets to apply in all the school levels in a country. This implies the uniformity in the education sector owing to the fact that all the schools in the country offer similar courses to their students and follow similar teaching methodologies in doing so. Curriculums require effective formulation following the adequate assessment of the information needs in the learner among other factors that affect the learning process (GOLBY, GREENWALD, & WEST, 1975). After determining these, the curriculum developers determine the best concepts that every stage of the learner requires ad the best methods of teaching such concepts thereby guaranteeing effective acquisition of knowledge. A curriculum should not burden the leaners by ensuring that the developers constitute the most appropriate concepts for every stage of the learning process thereby guaranteeing optimum learning. This requires the consideration of such pertinent f eatures of the learner as their age and the knowledge gap. Additionally, an effective curriculum introduces concepts progressively thereby ensuring that the learner understands each concept at the most appropriate age. Besides the development of the concepts for the learner, curriculums manage the teachers. A curriculum must consider and set feature requirements for the teacher thereby ensuring that only the most effective teachers impart the knowledge in the learners. A curriculum therefore advises the teachers on the best earning aids for every learning stage and the mode of teaching to ensure a productive system. Additionally, curriculums should always reflect the state of the society within which it is applied in a number of ways, the knowledge in the curriculum must have direct relevance with the environment within which it is used. This implies that the curriculum must envision the knowledge growth through time. An effective curriculum therefore has a period lapse within which it is reviewed. In the United Kingdom, the period is four years a time within which the developers remove certain aspects of the curriculum and replacing them with new concepts. This safeguards the technological changes in the society most of which demand different knowledge from the previous period (WILES, 2009). A national curriculum is uniformly implemented in all the schools in the country. Most countries currently have uniform curriculums in their schools. The construction of such curriculums require the consideration of the demographic factors prevalent in every part of the country most of which may affect the learning process thereby developing an effective curriculum which considers the diversities of the different regions in the country. The United Kingdom is one such country with a uniform curriculum in most of the learning institution. The application of a uniform curriculum presents a number of advantages and have the possibility of improving the quality of education in a country. However, such curriculums have a number of disadvantages most of which may impair the affectivity of the learning process. Despite the provision of a uniform curriculum especially in public schools, the government has no mandate to monitor the activities of private schools most of which formulate and implement their own curriculums. Such disparities imply that learners in the country graduate with diverse knowledge possibly resulting in the lack of uniformity in the subsequent institutions of learning. Despite the existence of such disparities, the education institutions implement a national exam at the end of every stage of the learning stage thereby compelling compliance with the national curricul

Leadership and decision making in organizations Assignment

Leadership and decision making in organizations - Assignment Example le in order to fulfil targets with honesty, acting in a transparent manner and possessing skilfulness, particularly in executing planning functions (Leatherman, 2008). Conceptually, these mentioned qualities strongly affirm that leadership often contributes in managing organisations in an effective manner, mitigating any possible threat, risk or vulnerability to the organisations’ sustainability. In this regard, leadership supports in managing organisations, facilitating effective communication amid every organisational member, fostering teamwork, exploiting the accessible resources effectively and most vitally making crucial decisions (Clegg & et. al., 2011; Grey, 2012). On the other hand, decision-making is often viewed as a cognitive procedure, which may result in selecting relevant course of actions amid numerous available options or alternative scenarios. Decision making is often viewed as one of the imperative responsibilities for leaders towards the accomplishment of or ganisational goals and objectives. Correspondingly, making effective decisions by a leader ultimately impose extensive impacts upon developing the overall performances and managing various crucial aspects of an organisation. The significance of decision-making is usually attributed to the fact that the decisions are generally made by the leaders in an organisation, demonstrating the values of the people associated within it, either directly or indirectly, which results in improving the overall performances of the organisation (Johnson, 2010). Correspondingly, this paper intends to discuss about the negative effects of leadership, particularly on employee and organisational productions. Moreover, a critical evaluation regarding the interrelation between leadership and production in organisations...On the other hand, decision-making is often viewed as a cognitive procedure, which may result in selecting relevant course of actions amid numerous available options or alternative scenario s. Decision making is often viewed as one of the imperative responsibilities for leaders towards the accomplishment of organisational goals and objectives. Correspondingly, making effective decisions by a leader ultimately impose extensive impacts upon developing the overall performances and managing various crucial aspects of an organisation. The significance of decision-making is usually attributed to the fact that the decisions are generally made by the leaders in an organisation, demonstrating the values of the people associated within it, either directly or indirectly, which results in improving the overall performances of the organisation (Johnson, 2010). Correspondingly, this paper intends to discuss about the negative effects of leadership, particularly on employee and organisational productions. Moreover, a critical evaluation regarding the interrelation between leadership and production in organisations along with the implications of stress generated by leadership and authority on the work environment, would also be conducted in the following discussion. Various aspects, such as the contribution of leadership to team environment and decision sharing between managers and employees will also be prudently analysed in this paper.

BUSINESS FINANCE Assessment 1 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

BUSINESS FINANCE Assessment 1 - Research Paper Example Q3) Face Value = $1000 N= 30 years Coupon rate = 8% (a) YTM if Price is $900. Since Price YTM > coupon rate. Price at 9%: 80 x PVIFA (9%, 25yr) + 80/ (1.09) ^26 + 80/ (1.09) ^27 + 80/ (1.09) ^28 + 80 / (1.09) ^29 + 1080/ (1.09)30 = $ 897.3 Price at 7%: 80 x PVIFA (7%, 25yr) + 80/ (1.07) ^26 + 80/ (1.07) ^27 + 80/ (1.07) ^28 + 80/ (1.07) ^29 + 1080/ (1.07)30 = $ 1123.8 Price at 8%: $1000 By interpolation, YTM = 8% + (1000-900)/ (1000-897.3) YTM = 8.97% (b) YTM if Price is $1000. Since Price = Face value YTM = Coupon Rate Hence YTM = 8%. (c) YTM if Price is $1,100 Since Price > Face Value YTM Price at 7% = $1123.8 Price at 9% = $897.3 By interpolation, YTM = 7% + (1123.8-1100)/ (1123.8-897.3) YTM = 7.11% (d) The relationship between yield to maturity and bond price is that the yield to maturity is that discount rate that makes the present value of the bond's coupon payments equal to its price. Q4) a) Eps = $6, r = 15%, ROE = 15%, G =, Price = (i) Plowback ratio = 0 % g = ROE x Plowback ratio = 0.15 x 0 g = 0% Po = Div/ r -g Since nothing is plowed back in the firm, all the earnings are given out as dividends, therefore Div = 6 Po = 6/ 0.15-0 Po = $ 40 (ii) Plowback ratio = 40% g = ROE x Plowback ratio = 0.15 x 0.4 g = 0.06 or 6% Po = Div/ r -g Since 40% is plowed back, 60% is given out as dividends, therefore Div = 6 x 0.6 = 3.6 Po = 3.6/0.15-0.06 Po = $ 40 (iii) Plowback ratio = 60% g = ROE x Plow back ratio = 0.15 x 0.6 g = 0.09 or 9% Po= Div/r-g Since 60 % is plowed back, 40% is given out as dividends, therefore Div = 6 x 0.4 = 2.4 Po = 2.4/ 0.15 - 0.09 Po = $ 40 b) Eps =$6, r =15%, ROE = 20%, g =, P = i) Plowback ratio 0% g = ROE x Plowback ratio = 0.2 x 0 g = 0% Po =... Since project E has the highest profitability index, it should be chosen first and then project C. Since the investment budget is of $ 8 million, investing in these two projects would also equal to $ 8 million. Since X Ltd has a higher standard deviation, it means there is more risk and a greater variation of returns and thus a high chance that the expected return will not originate. Co-efficient of variance is another measure of determining riskiness of a business and since X Ltd also has a higher co-efficient of variance, it signifies that it's a more risky business. Thus 100% investment in Y Ltd is a better investment. Other than that, if recession hits the economy, X Ltd will completely go out of business. This is one more reason for not opting for investment in X Ltd. d) Value investors are those who use dividends to value their investments. Regular income is wanted by them and they look for quality companies with earnings records and projects they believe the market has under-valued. They tend to hold the under valued stocks for a longer duration and eventually take advantage of the rise in share price that the earnings growth brings in the long run. Growth investors are those who use stock prices to value their investments.

Leadership and decision making in organizations Assignment

Leadership and decision making in organizations - Assignment Example le in order to fulfil targets with honesty, acting in a transparent manner and possessing skilfulness, particularly in executing planning functions (Leatherman, 2008). Conceptually, these mentioned qualities strongly affirm that leadership often contributes in managing organisations in an effective manner, mitigating any possible threat, risk or vulnerability to the organisations’ sustainability. In this regard, leadership supports in managing organisations, facilitating effective communication amid every organisational member, fostering teamwork, exploiting the accessible resources effectively and most vitally making crucial decisions (Clegg & et. al., 2011; Grey, 2012). On the other hand, decision-making is often viewed as a cognitive procedure, which may result in selecting relevant course of actions amid numerous available options or alternative scenarios. Decision making is often viewed as one of the imperative responsibilities for leaders towards the accomplishment of or ganisational goals and objectives. Correspondingly, making effective decisions by a leader ultimately impose extensive impacts upon developing the overall performances and managing various crucial aspects of an organisation. The significance of decision-making is usually attributed to the fact that the decisions are generally made by the leaders in an organisation, demonstrating the values of the people associated within it, either directly or indirectly, which results in improving the overall performances of the organisation (Johnson, 2010). Correspondingly, this paper intends to discuss about the negative effects of leadership, particularly on employee and organisational productions. Moreover, a critical evaluation regarding the interrelation between leadership and production in organisations...On the other hand, decision-making is often viewed as a cognitive procedure, which may result in selecting relevant course of actions amid numerous available options or alternative scenario s. Decision making is often viewed as one of the imperative responsibilities for leaders towards the accomplishment of organisational goals and objectives. Correspondingly, making effective decisions by a leader ultimately impose extensive impacts upon developing the overall performances and managing various crucial aspects of an organisation. The significance of decision-making is usually attributed to the fact that the decisions are generally made by the leaders in an organisation, demonstrating the values of the people associated within it, either directly or indirectly, which results in improving the overall performances of the organisation (Johnson, 2010). Correspondingly, this paper intends to discuss about the negative effects of leadership, particularly on employee and organisational productions. Moreover, a critical evaluation regarding the interrelation between leadership and production in organisations along with the implications of stress generated by leadership and authority on the work environment, would also be conducted in the following discussion. Various aspects, such as the contribution of leadership to team environment and decision sharing between managers and employees will also be prudently analysed in this paper.

Cross-cultural interaction Essay Example for Free

Cross-cultural interaction Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The peripatetic traveler is the quintessential image of a globalised man. Today’s traveler is driven by the commercial forces of globalization and improved communications in the World which has seen travel and tourism grow as an industry. In the ancient and medieval ages however, when traveling was not that simple and safe, a few adventurists quite literally walked across the globe or what ever was known of it then. These were men as Benjamin of Tudela, Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta, who covered vast spaces compared to capacity of transportation in the era in which they lived and have left rich sources of history documented in their travels. There is much debate over the relevance of the jottings made by these travelers to modern day history. Sceptics tend to question the authenticity and objectiveness as well as ability to portray a correct picture of a cross cultural interaction which these travelers tend to pursue from their own perspective. Travel literature has substantial relevance in providing authentic information of cross cultural interaction, the cross cultural trends, a perception of cross cultural association between people and is proving to be a good source of authentic and endearing history today as it provides a perspective in today’s world through an understanding of medieval religion and cultures. Information of cross-cultural interaction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The ancient and medieval times were denoted by lack of developed communications and modes of interaction for travel. There were also very limited historical recordings and what ever existed was at the behest of the ruling cliques, thereby making it biased. The historian today is left with primary records which are substantiated by such travelogues for a dispassionate view of cross cultural interaction. Thus travelogues do serve as important benchmark documents for historical purpose. This would be evident from recounting of travels through the Middle East during the medieval period in the writings of Benjamin of Tuleda, which tends to support the various historical happenings during the period by sources from both sides of the Islam and Christian divide.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Travelers as Benjamin who was a Jew could also benefit from interaction with those of his community who were spread across the region. Since the Jews were relatively unbiased during the period of the Crusades, their observations supplanted the travelers own perception providing further substance to the history of the region. While some may consider it as not the purest form of notation, in denoting cross cultural trends it could be considered more than appropriate and accurate. The excessive focus on the state of the Jews in Benjamin’s writing however to some extent indicates that the view of culture is primarily from an overly Semitic perspective of a Rabbi and authenticity is probably sacrificed but then a deeper reading would overcome this perception. Battuta’s writings span a much large cross cultural area extending from Jerusalem, Damascus, Syria, and East Africa while Marco Polo’s travelogues are also very genuine impressions of cross cultural trends. Each of the chapters he writes covers the various aspects of a particularly community that he has observed be it the cropping pattern, food habits and the monarchical way of governance. Marco very assiduously provides an overview of each facet in great detail. Perceptive Observers Providing Authenticity   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The intention of the travelers in their journey was multi focal. Thus some such as Benjamin did it for the purpose of seeking opportunities of trade or to find out about the state of personnel of his own community residing in various parts of the Middle East after being persecuted in their native lands. The meticulous recording of ethnographic details in his writing provides very insightful observations on cross cultural trends which highlights the capacity of its originator. Thus we find in Benjamin’s writings the details of how and when the Egyptian monarch travels, what are the proclivities of the people during various periods and the rivalries that existed even in those time between Cairo and Baghdad. It is also relevant to see that a person traveling beyond his immediate geographical and cultural setting would also be keen to obtain fresh insights into the lives of other communities. Thus observations of Marco Polo need to be taken note off with greater acceptance of the fidelity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The meticulous logging of the timings in terms of a virtual daily log provides an excellent record of the period, the state of development, the manner in which communities lived and the state of their culture in vivid details. Ibn Battuta who was overwhelmed by the need to travel and thus sets out from his native place at the tender age of 22 years, is also a very keen observer and thus his recordings attain a high quality of relevance particularly in the cross cultural context. His descriptive writings on Cairo or Alexandria are very perceptive providing an innate understanding of the era. The description of events, the handling of camels, the holding of ceremonies all are very effectively portrayed by the traveler, giving a good understanding of the period. The meticulous recording of customs such as movement of women naked in some societies as in Mali and cannibalism are stark etchings on the history of a cross cultural trend.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marco Polo again has provided   a wealth of material on cross cultural trends which denotes an excellent eye for detail and power of observation across a large expanse of area from Europe to China, Tibet to India and other areas. The burning of, â€Å"black stones†, is perhaps a recorded intervention by Marco, which indicates the level and depth of his observations. Marco’s observation are supplemented by a comparison between various cultures be it Chinese, Middle Eastern or Central Asian traditions of Bokhara. This provides a deep insight into cultural happenings of the era. Perspective of Modern Day Understanding   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Today Islam and the West appear to be undergoing a serious crisis, some view it as a clash of civilization matching. There is very limited understanding of each others religions, traditions, culture and ideological basis. This is truly surprising given the proliferation of modern knowledge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is the writings of travelers as Benjamin of Tudela who traversed the Middle East in the 12th Century which provides us a deeper understanding of the roots of this civilizational divide thereby enhancing our understanding of happenings in today’s World. Being a Rabbi from Spain, Benjamin was relatively detached to enable a more objective assessment of the conflict which was occurring between Islam and Christianity in the medieval ages. His tour of the principal areas of the Middle East as well as Europe and Asia provided a fresh insight not just into the period but also the cross cultural linkages between these areas over the ages. The peace and prosperity in Egypt described so authentically by Benjamin provide an excellent insight in the functioning of well governed medieval states. The clash between Saladin and the Christians and the moves and counter moves of the period have been very vividly portrayed by Benjamin denoting how Islam was revived between the period of the Second and the Third Crusades.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Today when we see a similar up rise in Islam which is spearheaded not by the likes of Saladin, but terrorist leaders as Osama Bin Laden, Benjamin’s travels can provide a better counter cultural perspective. A similar understanding of the culture of the Middle East is provided in the writings of Ibn Battuta which can provide us a perspective from an Islamic traveler’s point of view in a different age over three centuries apart and covering some of the same areas. In each of the places that he visits Battuta makes mention of specifics which indicate a keen eye for detail. It is natural that a person with a good view of the details will remain also particular of the accuracy of his writings. Thus enhancing their historical value. The writings provide a cross cultural dimension of the transformation that has take place in these areas over these years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marco’s writings on Tibet are another issue which enables us to correlate between the state and relations of Tibet between the modern and the medieval periods. The fascination which the Chinese felt for Tibet even then is evident as Marco observes their repeated forays to gain hold of territory which they see as a great expanse with its many provinces, the customs of the people, their mastiffs and bamboo cropping are thus set to be matching. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus it would be seen that the travelogues of Marco Polo, Ibn Batttuta and Benjamin of Tudela are important documents as they provide authentic information of cross cultural interaction, denote cross cultural trends, enhance the perception of cross cultural association between people and prove good sources of authentic and endearing history, thereby providing better modern day understanding and background of medieval religion and cultures as in the Middle East.       References Marco Polo and Rustichello of Pisa. 2004. The Travels of Marco Polo, Volume 1 and 2. E-text prepared by Charles Franks, Robert Connal, John Williams, and Project Gutenberg Distributed Proofreaders. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10636/10636-8.txt (VOLUME I). http://www.gutenberg.org/files/12410/12410-8.txt (VOLUME II). (20 November 2006) Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa 1325-1354. Nd. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1354-ibnbattuta.html (20 November 2006) The itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela. 1907. Philipp Feldheim, inc The house of the Jewish book. New York. gutenberg.org/files/14981/14981-h/14981-h.htm. (20 November 2006).

Australian Health Policy Models

Australian Health Policy Models Health policy is the action, plan and decisions taken to attain specific health care goals within the society. As the technology is advancing, the priorities of the people have been changed. Along with this the people are aware of the health issues and they want to reduce the level of diseases, premature death and want to secure themselves and their families from disease produces discomfort. To overcome this fear of the person, Public Health infrastructure is created and it refers to the legislative, informational and administrative system for developing health policies. (World health organisation) Australian Government has a big financial role and broad policy leadership structure in health matters. The State Legislatives fulfil their role in delivering public sector health services and coordinates with the working of health workers in public and private sectors. The Government facilitate in planning and developing the national public health policies by identifying and researching on public health issues. In every country the process of developing health policies depend on how the government takes care and solves the problem in the society. Government institutions form the alternatives to the issues and select the solutions which are evaluated, implemented and revised if required. For this the main agenda for the health policy is planned after the minute research about the health status of the country. The agenda setting is the process of highlighting and seeking the attention of the Government towards the problem so that the solution can be considered. It is the result of the policy process involving executive branch leaders, legislators, influential stakeholders and public. (National Public Health Partnership) Though people of Australia have a fantastic overall health record, but the people want a public health policy related to free health care in Australia. There was a policy analysis resulted with the current health issue in the health sector of Australia, which is becoming a major health issue in the future times. The policy instruments related to the particular set of problems are analysed. The policy instruments are the tools like taxes, spending, incentives and legal and voluntary regulations used by Government. (Cairney, 2013) While designing the free health care policy for the public, there are certain points which should be discussed in the agenda. The issue should be important enough to be consulted in the legislations. Subsequent and emergency movements are used for initiating the policy making process. Number of problems are listed and merit that considers the problem. For planning on the health policy there are myriad of problems and issues that demand attention. If the issue is quite surrounded by the noise of the public, the issue becomes important and gets its way onto the agenda. As the agenda for the issue for free health policy for Australians is introduced and discussed it is not a hundred per cent surety that it will be accepted as the formation of the legislation. Not all the agendas that get into policy process form the end up forming the law as the formation of legislation is a complex process. It is because of the lack of time, information, resources and many more other things. Certain issues should be strategically planned to put in the agenda. (Boundless) There are theoretical approaches that explain the health policy agenda settings. The kingdom model: The Kingdom model refers the process of agenda setting in which, problems, their solutions and political circumstances are coming together. This model is based on the fact that the only problems cannot justify legislations, there are reasonable solutions to it. The kingdom model was introduces in 1965 and it explains the issues like how to highlight the problems in the agenda and how the alternative solutions to the problems are devised. It tells about the three streams, they are problems, policy and politics and the window of opportunity. The kingdom model considers them as the four important concepts. Problem stream considers that all the problems cannot be considered while creating a policy. So the problems have to be urgent or important. While developing the free health policy the first problem is felt by the legislators that the individual will need to get locked to the job because he does not want to lose the policy. The other problem is the individual’s location. People travel to different places to attain the best opportunity and the free health care and have to find the free clinics in the panels. The access is the other problem related with the free health care as this facility rely on the external funding and there could be a long waiting period to avail it. After attaining the policy, people will face a problem to get the appointments as there too will be long waiting period. The burden on all the parties is increased as the policy holders are more than the suppliers. In the free medical care sector, the quality of the medical care is another problem. It’s not due to the working efficiency of the workers related to the free health care sector, but because of the lack of the latest equipments at the free health care centres. The good doctors and nurses can also not do their job well when there is the lack of the medical facilities. As the waiting period to avail the free health care is so long, the follow up to the problem of the patient is the another issue. When the problem affects a large number of people, they take their steps towards the agenda. The major role of Advanced practice nurses are that they utilise the full opportunity to bring the issue of free health care policy for Australians on the agenda. (Roberts, n.d) Every problem has a solution. The policy actors work on it and create policies which are considered as the solutions to the relative problems. This reduces the speed of the policy making procedure as all the possible solutions to all the problems are considered. The health care researchers do complete justice in analysing the developing the alternative solutions to all the problems related to free health care for Australians. This research influences the process of policy making decisions. The Governmental research and implementation of the policy making decisions are different from the private sectors as this have different consequences being related to the large number of people. So the Rational decision making process first defines the problem, develops an alternative solution, evaluate the solution and plan to implement and add it in the agenda. The relevant solutions to the problems related to the free health care for Australians can be to create a single payer system, negotiati ng the lower prices for drugs, one universal set of insurance policies, procedures and uniform set of regulations. This could save a large amount of money and that could be utilised in the free health care projects. (Public Agenda) According to the Kingdom Model, the third stream is the political circumstances. The most complex procedure in the window opportunity is the political circumstances related to each problem and their potential alternative solutions and to make the policy maker to take actions. The agenda should be appropriate otherwise one policy and the support it is overshadowed by some other policies and their support. The factors that affect the political circumstances are the concern, public attitude and opinions about the issues of the policymakers in the legislative and executive branches of Government. When the Country is involved in some risk or threatened like the threat to the security, civil wars, recession, the health policy is treated in a different manner. This also depends on the factors that influence the importance and the economic conditions of the country. The other theoretical approach to explain Health policy agenda setting is the Hall’s model. Hall’s model: Hall proposed that if the issues have to seek Government’s attention. For this proper promotion of the issue is required. This means the Government should feel that the requirement of the policy is very high in the real world. The Government should feel the efficiency of the policy in relation to the cost. So basically Hall model suggests that when an issue becomes very responsive in terms of their feasibility, legitimacy and support, they get the place in the Government agenda. Legitimacy: It is a characteristic of issues because of which the Government understands and believe that they should be concerned to the issues and to feel a right to intervene. Every citizen of the country expects from the Government to work for their betterment and keep the law and order and to defend the country and its citizen’s from any kind of attack and risks. Feasibility: It is related to the potential of the Government to implement the policy. It needs the existence of the resources, skilled staff, technical and theoretical knowledge, necessary infrastructure and capable administration. If there is a lack of financial, workforce and technology, the policy may not be implemented. It doesn’t matter that how high the legitimacy is, the calibre in the Government is required. Support: It is related to the public support to the Government regarding the implementation of the policy. The media also plays an important role in creating awareness among the people and letting them know that what is there in the agenda to be discussed. In the implementation process of health policies, the government expect the support of the community and health care sector. If the Government is lacking in getting the support, it will be difficult to put the issue in the agenda. (Kazmi, n.d) Losing agenda settings: Sometimes due to change in the conditions like political issues, change of Government or decision maker removes the attention of the Government from the agenda. This leads to the losing of agenda settings. Sometimes the problems highlighted in the agenda get vanished and changes the agenda settings. This also results in the losing of agenda. Sometimes people get accustomed with the problem, and they do not feel it as problem anymore. Agenda settings are also loosed in such situations. (Anggoro, 2012) How a Bill becomes a law: As discussed earlier that only a few of the proposed legislation actually succeed to become a law. If any agenda dies in the middle of the session, it has to be resubmitted and reintroduced in the new session to become a law. The bill may die because of the disagreement between the members and amendments in the original bill. Bill origination: The members of the house representatives present the bills with specific agendas. Most of the bills are presented by the legislators. There ideas come from the supporters, president and the interest groups. They have executive communication between them. Proposal does not matter, in the end the member of the house introduces the legislation. Drafting the legislation: The staff members of the bill’s sponsor draft the legislation. Ultimately they are responsible for the language written and used in the legislation. Introduction of the Legislation: The bill is then presented in both the houses and a debate and discussion on it done. If maximum number of the members speak in favour and are keen to implement the policy in the country, they send this bill in the standing committee which has jurisdiction for the bills. Legislative committees with health policy jurisdiction: Majority of the health bills are referred to the senate committee on labour and human resources and the house committee on commerce. Report comes out of committee: A hearing is conducted in the committee. The whole bill is evaluated line by line and the amendments are done if required. Similar bills are combined at the same time. If the bill comes of the committee, a member makes a report on it mentioning the final points to be finalised and the reasons that why the committee is in its favour. Any bill that does not succeed to come out of the committee is considered as a die bill and is reintroduced in the next session with improvements. Action: Considering the amendments on the bill and the final report of the committee, once again a debate takes place in both the houses. If the amended bill is passed to the houses, it is further sent to another chamber where the referrals again consider this bill for evaluation. When the bill is passed through the chamber, it is sent to the conference committee for action. Conference Committee actions: The bill is finally evaluated and analysed in the conference committee. A final report is drafted in support of the bill and is sent to all the houses and chambers for voting. If there is a majority of agreement from houses and chambers, the bill is finalised and is sent to the president for action. If there is disagreement at any step, the bill dies. Presidential action: If the president signs the bill, it can become the law immediately. He can even reject the bill by veto. The bill becomes law within ten days of the signatures of the president. (Creating an agenda and developing legislation) The health policies play a vital role in a human’s life to live without stress. People expect to utilise their tax for the reasonable purpose and availing health policies are one of them. The Australian citizens expect a free health care from the Government and for this purpose the policy agenda has to be drafted and should be successful in becoming a law. The above discussion lets an individual know about the steps required to design and develop a policy. Many people associated with many departments and sectors come together and work efficiently to frame it. The teams are conducted to research about the important agendas having issues and relative solutions. The collective hard work and support makes a normal bill to become an important law. (Furlong, n.d) References: Creating an agenda and developing legislation, Retrieved from https://faculty.unlv.edu/ccochran/HCA452_652/Agenda_and_legislation.html Boundless, Issue Identification and Agenda Building, Retrieved from https://www.boundless.com/political-science/domestic-policy/policy-making-process/issue-identification-and-agenda-building/ Furlong, E. Agenda Settings, Retrieved from http://samples.jbpub.com/9781449665098/97768_CH02_Milstead.pdf Roberts, J., E How: Problems with Free Health Care, Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/about_4777901_problems-free-health-care.html National public Health Partnership, Public Health, Retrieved from http://www.nphp.gov.au/publications/broch/defin.htm Kazmi, N., Scribd: Role of State in Health Policy, Retrieved from http://www.scribd.com/doc/15107462/Role-of-State-in-Health-Policy Cairney, P., (2013), Policy and Policymaking in UK, Retrieved from http://paulcairney.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/chapter-2-20-8-13-cairney-policy-policymaking-uk.pdf Public Agenda, Citizen’s Solution Guide 2012, Retrieved from http://www.publicagenda.org/pages/csg-health-care World Health Organisation, Health Policy, Retrieved from http://www.who.int/topics/health_policy/en/ Anggoro, Y., (2012), The Use of Multiple Streams Framework in Agenda Settings, Retrieved from http://yudoanggoro.com/tag/agenda-setting/

Private Schools vs. Public Schools Essay -- Private Schools vs. Public

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As time has gone by, Americans have increasingly paid more attention to the schooling process, trying harder all the time to get the best education possible for their children. As a result, more parents are turning from the public school systems to the private schools. This happens for several reasons. First, students that graduate from private schools tend to be better prepared for college. Second, private schools open up many opportunities to succeed in the business world. Last, the private schools allow the parents and the student to decide which school they feel will give the student the best education possible. Overall, private schools offer a better education for high school students than do public schools.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Students that graduate from a private school tend to succeed more in colleges than students that graduate from a public school. There are several reasons that this occurs. First, the study skills that are learned in a private school far exceed the skills that are learned in a public school. One of the most important skills is being able to manage ones time effectively. Time management can be one of college life’s hardest habits to learn. The difficulty-level of each course also plays a large role in the preparation for college. In private schools it is expected that the courses will be more difficult than at a public school. The second area of strength is the peer pressure. In public schools the pressure is very rarely pressure to work hard in school, ...

Anti-kickback Implications of a Retail Medical Center (RMC) Essay

During the last two decades the health delivery system has been revolutionized. Many patients no longer visit the traditional medical facility system but choose to visit RMCs to receive limited medical care. The new phenomena are known as RMCs and are a new delivery service for health-care services. As far back as 1995, Newt Gingrich predicted that patients would â€Å"go to Canada or Wal-Mart.† For example, retail medical clinics appear in pharmacies, grocery stores, and big-box retailers like Wal-Mart, offering basic health care services. Furthermore, retail stores have joined in the health-care fray in an effort to increase sales in the retail stores either through increased pharmacy sales or as an increased traffic in other areas of the stores. By establishing the medical clinics in retails stores, it allows the patient to experience more efficiency with the delivery of medical services. For example, when I have cold or flu symptoms, I make a quick trip to the ret ail clinic and see the Nurse Practitioner within fifteen minutes rather than spending hour visiting the traditional clinic in the Houston Medical Center. Patients could spend an hour or two in visiting the traditional doctor while a trip to the retail medical clinic could spend as little as fifteen minutes waiting for their appointment. Additionally, during the time that the patient is visiting the retail medical clinic, the one could shop for other items within the store such as groceries or soft goods thus increasing the efficiency of medical visits. In some cases, the retail centers are even providing an electronic device to notify the patient when the medical representative is available to see the patient. Facts: Ready Clinic (â€Å"The Company†) will create a... ...f the anti-kickback statute. First, a requestor may not use a hypothetical situation as the basis of their advisory opinion; therefore, Ready Care must indicate that the coupon practice will be a practice that they seek to put in place. Seeking an advisory opinion should be used judiciously, as the process is quite lengthy and may be very expensive due to the legal costs. The company’s operations could be exposed to more scrutiny by their request for a ruling. Furthermore, a ruling should not be sought where the law is unambiguous. In the case of the coupon, the law does not appear to be ambiguous. Additionally, although the OIG has stated that the fact that an advisory opinion does not qualify for a safe harbor or receive a favorable treatment by the OIG, a negative ruling does not indicate that the anti-kickback statute has been violated. Anti-kickback Implications of a Retail Medical Center (RMC) Essay During the last two decades the health delivery system has been revolutionized. Many patients no longer visit the traditional medical facility system but choose to visit RMCs to receive limited medical care. The new phenomena are known as RMCs and are a new delivery service for health-care services. As far back as 1995, Newt Gingrich predicted that patients would â€Å"go to Canada or Wal-Mart.† For example, retail medical clinics appear in pharmacies, grocery stores, and big-box retailers like Wal-Mart, offering basic health care services. Furthermore, retail stores have joined in the health-care fray in an effort to increase sales in the retail stores either through increased pharmacy sales or as an increased traffic in other areas of the stores. By establishing the medical clinics in retails stores, it allows the patient to experience more efficiency with the delivery of medical services. For example, when I have cold or flu symptoms, I make a quick trip to the ret ail clinic and see the Nurse Practitioner within fifteen minutes rather than spending hour visiting the traditional clinic in the Houston Medical Center. Patients could spend an hour or two in visiting the traditional doctor while a trip to the retail medical clinic could spend as little as fifteen minutes waiting for their appointment. Additionally, during the time that the patient is visiting the retail medical clinic, the one could shop for other items within the store such as groceries or soft goods thus increasing the efficiency of medical visits. In some cases, the retail centers are even providing an electronic device to notify the patient when the medical representative is available to see the patient. Facts: Ready Clinic (â€Å"The Company†) will create a... ...f the anti-kickback statute. First, a requestor may not use a hypothetical situation as the basis of their advisory opinion; therefore, Ready Care must indicate that the coupon practice will be a practice that they seek to put in place. Seeking an advisory opinion should be used judiciously, as the process is quite lengthy and may be very expensive due to the legal costs. The company’s operations could be exposed to more scrutiny by their request for a ruling. Furthermore, a ruling should not be sought where the law is unambiguous. In the case of the coupon, the law does not appear to be ambiguous. Additionally, although the OIG has stated that the fact that an advisory opinion does not qualify for a safe harbor or receive a favorable treatment by the OIG, a negative ruling does not indicate that the anti-kickback statute has been violated.

Factors That Led to the Growth of the Concept of New Public Management Essay

New Public Management is an attempt to reorient and restructure public bureaucracy in the era of globalisation, liberalisation. Following are the main factors which contributed to the growth of New Public Management perspectives: 1. Reaction against Bureaucratic Administration and Elephantine growth of governmental expenditure: The impact of globalisation has been significant on the public administration. The globalisation prompted such changes such as increased interdependence among states, reduction intrade barriers among nations, growing use of information and communication technology and close realignment of public and private sectors. The prevailing state bureaucracy was not able to face these challenges as it was too unwieldy, unresponsive, inefficient, ineffective and not suitable to face emerging competition. In the decade of 1980, the bureaucracy came under severe criticism for the above deficiency. Also, in 1970s and 1980s, due to public welfare orientation, there was an excessive growth in government expenditure which was poorly managed by the large state bureaucracy. Under these circumstances both the size and role of the state was questioned under the prevailing conditions. 2. Impact of Neo-liberalism: The political ideology of neo-liberalism has held a dominating presence during 1980s and 1990s as far as the nature and role of the state is concerned. Neo-liberalism advocated dominant presence of markets against state, rolling-back the state in welfare activities, maximizing individual liberty and freedoms. The tenets of neo-liberalism have close bearing on the rise of New Public Management. 3. Hold of New Right Philosophy in U.K. and U.S.A.: The New Right philosophy with more efficient allocation of resources through market mechanism and less role of the state in social and economic sphere held its sway in 1970s in the U.K. and the U.S.A. Thus, it is not surprising that the new public management perspective was most popular in these countries. 4. Washington Consensus: The Washington consensus is a set of economic reform measures evolved in 1989 by IMF, World Bank, U.s. Congress and scholars such as Williamson to restructure economies in view of financial crisis of 1980s in Latin American countries. It is a structural adjustment and economic stabilisation programme which advocated trade and financial liberalisation, privatisation and deregulation of domestic markets. The tenets of Washington consensus bear close affinity with the New Public Management perspective. 5. Influence of Public Choice Approach: The public choice approach pro-pounded byeconomists such as Fullock, Niskanen, Buchanen, argues that the dominant feature of human behaviour is self interest, which should be maximised through the arrangement of multiple public service agencies that would amplify the scope of people’s choice. It emphasises on the competition and efficiency among the multiple public service delivery mechanism. This approach has influenced the fundamental principles of the New Public Management. Thus, the New Public Management perspective is the result of a number of pull factors such as inefficiency of the state and traditional bureaucracy and certain pull factors such as neo-liberalism, New Right Philosophy, public choice approach and Washington consensus which inter alias supported roll-back of the state, dominance of Market mechanism and need of competition and efficiency

Act 3 the Crucible

Act III- Irony During Act III of The Crucible, by Arthur Miller; the central way that Miller depicts the corruption rooted within Salem is through the usage of the literary device, irony. The usage of personal pronouns within this work of literature seems to indicate a sense of power that the citizens have, versus the power found within the unknown. Parris says the following in order to encourage Mary Warren to cast out the devil, â€Å" Cast the devil out! Look him in the face! Trample him! We’ll save you, Mary, only stand fast against him and† (109).The usage of the pronoun ‘We’ll’ gives the reader a sense of authority that is held by the high officials in Salem. Irony is plainly evoked because the entire idea of the trails is to test the limits of the spiritual world within the town of Salem. The usage of personal pronouns reflects the flaws that seem to fuel these trials. The controversial topic of god rooted within these trials is ironic in the sense that doing the right thing could potentially be life threatening. Mary Warren proclaims that she loves god, after announcing her devilish pact, and says, â€Å" No, I love God; I go your way no more.I love God, I bless God. Abby, Abby, I’ll never hurt you more† (110). Salem becomes so deeply rooted in lies that the idea of god becomes clouded for those who try to seek the right thing. The choice between life and death, right and wrong, becomes diluted, making the right decisions punishable. No matter what is confessed, someone will either have to live with making the wrong decision, or die because a right decision was made. The figurative device of irony becomes reoccurring during act three in order to further show the reader the corrupt practices that are happening in Salem.

Rogers Chocolate

Introduction Rogers’ Chocolate is on a mission to have the company double or triple its size within 10 years. An analysis will be performed to figure out a strategic plan where Rogers’ Chocolate will be able to grow, and maintain their image of providing premium chocolates. The issue facing Rogers’ Chocolate is how they will be able to gain new customers and sustain their current customers. To give a thorough analysis, I will identify and explain the strategic issue, present the results of the analysis, and present alternative strategies. Finally, I will present my recommendation and conclude the analysis.Strategic Issue The strategic issue facing Roger’s Chocolate is how to grow the company by being able to gain new customers and still maintain their current customer base. The objective of Rogers’ Chocolate is to double or triple the size of the company within 10 years. By growing, this means that they will need more production, more employees, and more customers. Rogers’ Chocolate will need a strategy that will help position them to be able to grow the way they want it to. Analysis After reviewing Rogers’ Chocolates finances, they are good shape and have improved from 2005 to 2006.This improvement shows opportunity for the company to reach its objective of growing. According to their balance sheet, their current ratio for 2006 is 1. 366 (2,330,241/1,705,132) and 1. 245 (2,896,842/2,326,966) for 2005. These numbers show that they are able to continue to pay off their obligations. This means they are in a position where they shouldn’t go bankrupt. It also shows that Rogers’ Chocolate are just efficient enough in the sense of turning their product into cash. The company’s cash available for next year, 2007, is $74,744. This is down from what they had at the beginning of the year, $151,802.This may hurt them when trying to invest into new areas. The external environment of Rogers’ Chocol ate looks very promising. Godiva and Bernard Callebaut are the only ones that seem to threaten Rogers’ Chocolate position in the market. The other chocolate companies are of lower quality and price but still compete with Rogers’ Chocolate. Godiva’s chocolates are priced higher but lower quality. Bernard Callebaut’s chocolate are similar to Godiva’s in price, are in similar locations as Rogers’ and are also good in new introductions and seasonal products. They are also superior to Rogers’ when it comes to their packaging.The internal environment doesn’t look well for Rogers’ Chocolate. With very few employees who do multiple jobs, Rogers’ seems like they are not able to handle their demand for their product. Also their issue with out of stock product causes many problems when trying to keep up with other demands. Strengths for Rogers’ Chocolates include liquidity and their differentiation from other competit ors. Roger’s is in a good position financially. They are not in the best position but are in a good enough position to make changes and improvements. Rogers’ is also efficient.Once, again they are not at their best, but are efficient enough to be a successful competitor. They are also very strong in their image. They are able to differ from their competitors with high quality chocolate and an image that is known locally. Rogers’ weaknesses are cash flow and production. Although Roger’s Chocolate is not in a position to go bankrupt, they have limited cash to invest into improving their operations. With the low amount of cash they have, they may have to borrow in the future. Another weakness is their production efficiency. A low number of employees and bad planning causes their production to be slow and inefficient.Inventory management and out of stock problems cannot continue if Rogers’ want to be able to grow into the company they want it to become . Rogers’ Chocolates has several opportunities. One opportunity is to maintain their current image to introduce new products to compete with Bernard Callebaut. Having a new product to compete can help can new customers and new market share. Another opportunity is to provide lower quality chocolates to reach a new target market. Being able to acquire a new market may bring those new customers to their current market.The main threat to Rogers’ chocolate is the competition. Not being able to keep up with the competition or current trends can lead to lost market share. With Godiva having superior packaging, distribution, and price points, and Bernard Callebaut having superior packaging and seasonal influence, Rogers’ Chocolate could be falling behind soon if they do not join the ranks. Rogers’ must find their niche in order to be able to compete not just locally, but globally. Alternative Strategies Rogers’ Chocolates will need to gain new customers if they want to grow the company.To gain new customers, Rogers’ must take a risk a re-brand themselves with a new packaging design to create a new image. Implementing a new brand image will gather a new crowd of consumers that Rogers’ did not reach with its current image. To be able to do so, Rogers’ will need some financial help in order to invest money into the new packaging design and image that they want to create. They will also need new store displays and marketing tools to be able to push the image to customers. By creating this new image, they run the risk of losing their current customers.The new image that Rogers’ creates will grab the attention of a new market that will help gain market share that they currently do not have to aid in the growth of the company. For growth to happen, Rogers’ must be more efficient in production. The problems caused by out of stocks and bad planning are causing Rogers’ to not be as successful. When pro duction plans are put on hold to finish special orders, it is not a good sign. Production should be a continuous flow. To change the production efficiency, Rogers’ will have to hire more employees so their current ones are not doing multiple functions.They will also need to use the correct data when planning production and forecasting next year’s sales. Once again, money will be needed to hire and train new employees, as well as changing the planning method. Rogers’ risk is that the employees may not be as happy when new hires come, since a lot of the employees are third generation employees. Also, another risk is that the new planning may cause the same problems such as discounting products or even wrong forecasting. Another way for Rogers’ to grow is to boost their online presence. Since social media is growing, Rogers’ could take advantage of it to gain traffic to their website.By doing so, not only will sales go up, but they will also be able t o reach a new age group of 18-34, who use online shopping. This will give them new customers that will start to aid in replacing the aging customers that Rogers’ currently have. Since social media is a low cost, not a lot of money will be needed, although it may be a good idea to hire a social media consultant to handle all the work. The only risk that I see Rogers’ facing is throwing away money if sales do not increase. If social media and a larger online presence are not working, Rogers’ could face a situation where they are not on the receiving end.They will need to research who the online customer base really is to gain information on how to market to that segment. Not only will a larger online presence grow the company, but also moving business to the United States will help in the growth as well. Opening up retail stores in the US will help Rogers’ to start to gain a global presence. The way that Rogers’ retails their products shows that they know how to do it locally. To be able to reach the US, they will need to put a lot of effort into research the market on how to market to US customers.In their current retail stores, they display their products to suit the season with a Victorian theme. Rogers’ will need to do the same for the US, but use the information gathered to create displays and marketing tools that will gain a following. By changing to fit and gain sales in the US, Rogers’ has the risk of losing their current image as well as spending a lot of money just to gain customers that they may not get. This is the riskiest strategy. They will spend a lot of money by building retail stores and staffing them and marketing to a new segment. The risk of having their image ruined is also a risk.Since Rogers’ is well rooted in tradition, this may cause a stir among employees and their customers. Recommendation After reviewing the analysis and the alternative strategies, Rogers’ has several way s to achieve growth. I recommend that Rogers’ re-brand themselves with new packaging and marketing tools. Although there is a risk of losing current customers, I believe that is a very small risk. People who buy Rogers’ Chocolates are very loyal customers and have been buying them for years. Rogers’ is a company based of providing premium chocolate with high quality.Changing the image will not affect the quality of their chocolates, but rather gain new customers they don’t currently have and be able to compete against Godiva and Bernard Callebaut. The image that Rogers’ needs to create is an image that will still hold its tradition, but at the same time be edgy enough to strengthen its packaging, advertising, and distribution. This will allow new customers to get to know what Rogers’ Chocolates is and be able to keep the current ones coming back. Conclusion As you can see, Rogers’ chocolates objective is growth for the company.An anal ysis was performed to show the current financial and environmental state Rogers’ is currently in. after reviewing the analysis, I found that Rogers’ is in a good position to grow and again market share using their current products. I recommended that Rogers’ Chocolates create a new, edgy brand image to gain a new customer base. This will keep their current, loyal customers and help gain new customers who are soon to be loyal as well. Rogers’ has put themselves in a position to make this strategic decision in order to grow the company into a market leader.